Robert Aldrich :: essays papers

Robert Aldrich Robert Aldrich Robert Aldrich was born into an extremely wealthy family. He became an assistant director in Hollywood, working in the 1945 - 1952 period with many directors. A notably high percentage of these were in the extreme left: Jean Renoir, Lewis Milestone, Robert Rossen, Joseph Losey, Charles Chaplin. Kiss Me Deadly Kiss Me Deadly (1955) is Aldrich's most remarkable film. Aldrich began directing in 1953, and by then, the film noir cycle had run its course as a Hollywood phenomenon, peaking in the years 1942 - 1951. However, film noirs were still being made steadily through the 1950's, and many of these works were classics of the cycle. There is a remarkably detailed visual analysis of the film in "Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style" by Alain Silver, in Film Noir Reader (1996), edited by Alain Silver and James Ursini. The remarks below are simply intended to point out a few more things about this film, one of the most complex and creative of all film noirs. 3D Camera Tec hnique The staging in Kiss Me Deadly shows a three dimensional quality. Partly this is due to depth of field. Many scenes keep in focus far into the rear of the scene. This is a technique associated in Hollywood with Orson Welles. Aldrich is often considered to be a Welles disciple. There are other techniques that aid in the film's 3D quality: 1) The showing of an irregular wall along one side of the shot. When Mike Hammer's car pulls up to a gas station near the beginning of the film, we see the entire front of the gas station along the right side of the shot. The gas station facade is by no means smooth; it contains many projections. All of these are fully lit up. The gas station is shot as if it were an elaborate piece of sculpture, like one of Louise Nevelson's friezes. As the camera moves past it, it emphasizes the station's complex 3D qualities. The projections on the station all are "rectilinear": they are "box" like, with flat, perpendicular walls. A shot with even greater depth of field shows Mike Hammer knocking on a door in the Angel's Flight neighborhood. Behind him we see first a long narrow alleyway, then a huge depth of field showing a Los Angeles city scape.

Keeler released Symphony Q Series

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Essay on Stem Cell Research - 1515 Words

Stem Cell Research INTRODUCTION A child is born everyday and without realizing it, the material that is routinely discarded after the birth could one day be life saving for that person, someone else in the family, or even a complete stranger. This material is the umbilical cord, and the blood contained within their vessels. One may wonder, why is this blood so important? Medical research has discovered that the residual umbilical cord blood contains stem cells. These cells are the building blocks that the body uses to create some of the key components of the human immune system, blood and bone marrow. Stem cells are essential for life, they carry oxygen, fight infections and platelets that form clots on injured body parts. So if†¦show more content†¦To date the procedure has been performed on a patient upwards of 230 pounds. (http://www.caner.umn.edu/page/research/cord2.html). The blood is then cryogenically stored at –385 degrees Fahrenheit in a private or public blood bank. WHO BENEFITS Once the blood is collected, what happens to it? Parents choose whether they want their child’s blood reserved for â€Å"Directed donation† or â€Å"Public donation†. With Directed donation the blood collected from the newborn will only be used for treating a blood disease of a sibling or immediate family member. It will be labeled and stored until it is needed. If a parent chooses Public donation, their baby’s cord blood will be donated to a general blood bank that anyone might use. SOCIAL AND ETHICAL QUESTIONS RAISED If parents choose a Directed donation, the blood will remain in a private blood bank at an average cost of $1500, plus an annual storage fee of about $100 (source: American college of Obstetrics and Gynecology). To some people, that may seem like a small price to pay for all the potential benefits cord blood can provide, but what are the chances that one of their children or a family member will ever need to use it? Many private cord banks selling cord blood banking as a sort of â€Å"biological insurance† – just in case something happens. Experts in blood banking and bone marrow transplantation frown upon this; they argue that people are being frightened intoShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1338 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain, muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from any other cell in theRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells941 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells have the extraordinary power to develop into several body cell types during early growth and development. (Stem Cell Basics). Stem cells are either embryonic: from a human fetus, or somatic: from an adult (Stem Cell Basics).These cells can be used to rebuild body tissue, treat diseases, and even cure others. They can be more effective in treatment of illness than the common treatment, such as therapy or medication. Stem cells are potentially more medically effective than traditional treatmentsRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells in order to survive? Those cells are called Stem Cells and they are very crucial to develop organisms. Stem cell research is a subject that most people in the world have a different viewpoint on. Some view the issue of stem cell research and ste m cell therapy as morally wrong and a crime against humanity, others view the study of stem cells as the next step in modern science (Reeve.) I think in some twisted way, stem cellRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1261 Words   |  6 Pagescure diseases. Now we have stem cell therapy. Stem cells promise future cures for many currently considered to be â€Å"incurable† diseases, but with more research, we can overcome the controversy surrounding this this topic and help people live longer, improve their quality of life, and save many many lives. To understand the big hype about stem cells, one must know what a stem cell is. Stem cells have specialized functions that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. According toRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells999 Words   |  4 PagesSTEM CELLS WORKING TO SPECIALIZE INTO CARDIAC CELLS Once the stem cells are delivered near the damaged areas of the heart, the regeneration of cardiac (heart) cells is possible. There is a lack of understanding on how or why specifically the stem cells turn into heart cells. â€Å"Recent studies indicated that the benefits associated with adult stem cell injection might come from paracrine effects, the effect of a nearby cell sending chemical and electrical signals to the stem cell, and not from myocardialRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesDana Moua English IV 25 April 2016 Stem Cell Research What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are found in multicellular organisms. The reason for scientist’s interest in stem cells is because of the possible applications of using them. These stem cells can be used to regrow organs/tissues. By using stem cells, scientists may be able to find cures for different cancers, certain genetic diseases, and different physical trauma damages. They can be used to treat a varietyRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1999 Words   |  8 Pagesregenerative medicine, commonly known as stem cell research. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that have the capability to specialize into any tissue. They are most commonly found in cord blood, bone marrow, organ donations, placenta, and embryos . Stem cells are seen by some as a new miracle treatment, encouraging many countries to invest in their research. The transfer of information, often shared through scientific reports and research, puts this topic in a highly internationalRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do however

Teaching Styles, Learning Styles, and Cultural Location in...

Teaching Styles, Learning Styles, and Cultural Location in Relation to Academic Success The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. -William Arthur Ward. Every teacher is different and teaches differently, but when it comes to academic success of students, how do the teaching styles affect the overall outcome of the student success. Although teaching styles and learning styles have a massive role to play and academic success, so does cultural location. Teaching styles will form students learning behavior and how they see their future. Teaching styles meshed with learning style of an individual student is the biggest predictor of students academic success in all cultural locations. There are many ideas for what happens in the classroom although many believe that teaching styles will affect the academic success within a classroom based upon a teacher and his or her own beliefs and influences. We all have our own beliefs and values which may be different from anothers. Because beliefs influence teacher action, and context influences beliefs, it seems logical that national context would influence teachers use of and beliefs about Mosstons Spectrum of Teaching Styles. (Kitsantas, Panagiota). Every teacher has a different form of influence and that influence will affect their own personal teaching style. Due to this not every single teacher has the same ways of teaching. Sometimes unknown to theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Some of the Benefits of Study Abroad Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesto collaborate with each other in all sectors of life either related to the business or the education. It can be done only through the exchange of the language, culture, and tr aditions (Caffarella Daffron, 2013). The Middle East is an important location of the world because of the tremendous energy resources like the oil, gas etc. After the tragic incident of 9/11, now the European countries are thinking more about the Middle East. The students from Europe, especially from America, are moving towardsRead MoreDifferent Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students of Sbc10087 Words   |  41 PagesIntroduction Learning varies on each and everyone. Individuals can perceive and process information in different kinds of ways, which implies that the degree to which individuals learn has as much as to do with whether the learning experience is geared to their style of learning. Some of the individuals learn and develop easily in the early stage, while others are not. For some time now educational research exploring the issue of academic achievement or success has extended beyond simpleRead MoreDifferent Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students of Sbc10095 Words   |  41 PagesBACKGROUND Introduction Learning varies on each and everyone. Individuals can perceive and process information in different kinds of ways, which implies that the degree to which individuals learn has as much as to do with whether the learning experience is geared to their style of learning. Some of the individuals learn and develop easily in the early stage, while others are not. For some time now educational research exploring the issue of academic achievement or success has extended beyond simpleRead MoreFactors Contributing to Students Persistent Failure in English Language Examinations in Nigeria.5845 Words   |  24 PagesANALYTICAL STUDIES OF VARIOUS MARKETING APPROACHES THAT COULD ASSIST THE GROWTH OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES OF THE OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING INSTITUTIONS Iyere Theodore, Olu Akeusola, Omolara Daniel. Abstract Education is now a global product with institutions worldwide competing for students and finding ever more creative ways to satisfy student needs and preferences. The optimism and belief in educational progress has gingered the new wake of marketing approachesRead Morestudy guide Essay5978 Words   |  24 Pagessolving and collaborative working necessary for professional and academic learning through group and teamwork, interactive class-based activities, team-based projects and a case study approach to business issues. LEARNING OUTCOMES On completion of the unit, students should be able to: 1. Appreciate the social, cultural, political, economic legal dimensions of the business environment 2. Identify aspects of social and cultural diversity 3. Identify, appreciate and use own skills, interestsRead MoreCapstone Project: Skylar Community College3861 Words   |  15 Pagesof the leading community educational institution in Skylar, Texas; Skylar Community College aims to provide the highest quality of education and innovative learning experience to its students through creative teaching style and research. The college is committed to produce the leaders for tomorrow and contribute towards the economic and cultural development of the state and the nation. As a part of its Mission statement, Skylar Community College is committed to the following strategic objectives: Read MorePtlls Level 311404 Words   |  46 Pagesboundaries are as a teacher in terms of the teaching cycle. Why are these necessary? b. Identify the legislative requirements and codes of practice that directly impact on your teaching. c. Identify the legislative requirements and codes of practice that directly impact on your learning environment. ANSWERS 1.1. †¢ Explain what your actual or perceived role, responsibilities and boundaries are as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. I intend toRead MoreLearning Environment and the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Akwa-Ibom State11343 Words   |  46 Pagessupplies the person who with one or more years training institution or on the job becomes the labour force of a nation. However, our educational systems (secondary schools inclusive) have failed in the areas of character molding, morals, behaviour and academic output. Various stories abound of students and young people’s vices of vandalization, robbery, pick pocketing, tuggery etc. Furthermore, there is mass disregard and disrespect for elders for those in position of authority and for work that the productsRead MoreAs Stated Before, This Study Looked At The Relationship6791 Words   |  28 Pagesthis study looked at the relationship between leadership styles that are effective in southeastern Kentucky middle schools from the perception of school principals and teachers. Schools have all kinds of leaders as principals who try to improve their school. School reforms have been an instrument that principals of schools have had to deal with such as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which holds schools accountable for student’s success. The principals in today’s middle schools have leverageRead MoreEvaluation Of Granville Boys High School3711 Words   |  15 PagesOF GRANVILLE BOYS HIGH SCHOOL For my Professional Engagement placement, I was assigned to a UNSW ASPIRE program school, Granville Boys High School (GBHS), an single-sex government school situated in South Western Sydney. Due to its geographical location in one of the most multicultural regions in Sydney, with 95 per cent of the school’s total of 488 enrolments classified as Language Background Other Than English (LBOTE) students. Most students attending the school live in the surrounding Holroyd/Auburn

Statutory Rape Essay example - 1092 Words

Statutory Rape Laws The term â€Å"statutory rape† is used when the government considers people under a certain age to be unable to give consent to sex and therefore consider sexual contact with them to be a rape. The age at which individuals are considered to give consent is called the age of consent. The age of consent can ranging from thirteen to twenty-one, depending on the limits set by each state in accordance with local standards of morality. Even sex that violates the age-of-consent laws but is neither violent nor physically forced is described as statutory rape. In most jurisdictions, the expressions â€Å"under-age sex† or â€Å"sex with a minor† are more commonly used. After many years of prosecuting statutory rape laws, some people are†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the government should create a clear differentiation between the two types of statutory rapes and then a set of clear guidelines should be constructed. The first form of statutory rape occurs when a person violently rapes an unwilling child under the age of consent, whether that person is a stranger or family member (incest). This form is defined and in some cases more serious, deserving harsher punishment than the other. The second kind of statutory rape is when a person of legally age is accused of rape, by reason of committing sexual activities with their significantly younger partner. Under this circumstance, â€Å"sex with a minor†, is when things are no longer only black and white. Violent rape is rape; no matter how old the victim; on the other hand â€Å"under age sex† gets tricky. I suppose what is problematic about the second situation is that different states have different ages of consent. For instance, in California an eighteen-year-old boy could technically be put in jail for having sex with his seventeen-year-old girlfriend, because the age of consent in California is eighteen. However, this situation would be fine if the two â€Å"love birds† lived in Hawaii, where the age of consent is fourteen. Is it fair that depending on the state we reside in, determines who we date? Also, is it right that an eighteen-year-old is wrong for having a sexual relationship with a girl who is only one year younger thanShow MoreRelatedStatutory Rape And The Age Of Consent1734 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the California Law, statutory rape is having sexual relations with a â€Å"child† or â€Å"minor† anyone who is below the age of consent. Committing this crime can result in imprisonment and cause the defendant to be charged with a felony even i f they weren t previously aware of the age of the victim at the time in which the act was done. When a statutory rape case is being evaluated, the victim must be under the age of 18 or under the age of consent and the one presenting the case must haveRead MoreStatutory Rape : A Legal Matter2047 Words   |  9 PagesStatutory rape is a legal matter in which an individual has sexual intercourse with a minor. Although the statutory rape law is to protect any individual from being sexually abused by an older individual sexual assault is mainly geared towards protecting women. Even though having sex with a minor is illegal it is possible in some states to have sex with a minor with valid consent. If an individual is caught having sexual intercourse with a minor the penalties may result in serving time in a stateRead MoreThe Problems with Statutory Rape Essay examples1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthe laws surrounding statutory rape. Although the laws are in place to help people, many peop le see them as unfair and they believe that there are changes that could be made to help improve these laws. A major problem with statutory rape laws is that each state has a different law. To help improve statutory rape laws, all states should work together to have a set of country-wide laws, so that the states all have the same laws. With a few minor improvements, the statutory rape laws would be problemRead MoreWhy Are Statutory Rape Laws in NC More Favorable for the Girl Rather Than the Guy?1426 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered what Statutory Rape really is? It is sexual intercourse with a minor. In humbler terms it is when a male adult 18 years or older has sexual intercourse with a female who is 17 years old or younger without consent. The issue that I have seen arise a great deal of the time is that the laws in most states are sexually biased when it comes to an adult male and an underage female. In this essay I want to specifically focus on the State of North Carolina, being that I live in thisRead MoreHow Old Is 15?1656 Words   |  7 Pagesdate someone older, much older, how would you feel? Most parents would feel disapproval of their child s actions. Me myself, I m not against the situation; some may say it’s because I m young. The correct term for this situation is called statutory rape; others who are against it sometimes call it child pornography. Governments do their part to end global threats to children because the abuse of a child anywhere is an offense to people everywhere. Also, there are many exciting, effective newRead MoreYoung Girls in Puberty Are Not Women Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pageslaw, having sex, assault or anything of nature, with an underage person (minor) is, consider statutory rape. Even if the sex may not be forced or compelled, it is legally looked at as a nonconsensual under the statutory rape law code. Different states address sex with minors differently, based on the current statutory rape law, some states are working diligently to enhance the way the carryout statutory rape laws to offenders’ while some are lacking extremely on the issue, which are leading to someRead MoreThe Legal Ages Of Consent By States Legislations1639 Words   |  7 Pagesages of consent by states legislations, there is an issue concerning the basis of equality established in every case involving statutory rape laws across the United States. Since the welfare reformation of 1996, teen pregnancy was targeted as a large contribution to the issue of having many welfare recipients. Officials agreed upon the enforcement of stricter statutory rape laws with the intent to potentially frighten older men from having relations with younger women. However, establishing the lawsRead MoreThe Age Of Consent1647 Words   |  7 Pagesa guideline constructed stating this. Introduction The law states that statutory rape is having sexual intercourse unlawfully with a child of below sixteen years of age, and it is punishable by imprisonment in a state prison or serving a term in a correction facility. The law further provides that it does not require the defendant to be aware of the age of the victim at that time to amount to statutory rape. For a statutory case to be considered, all that is required is proof that sexual intercourseRead MoreRape Is Rape And The Punish Should Be The Same1366 Words   |  6 PagesRape is the definition of nonconsensual sexual intercorse which may involve female-on-male, male-on-male, male-on-female, female-on-female, sexual assault or the attempt of. If any form of rape falls under that definition than no, different types of rape should not receive different legal sanctions. Rape is rape and the punish should be the same. However, this definition excludes statutory rape, which refers to the sexual relation with a minor. The law states that minors are incapable of giving consentRead MoreThe Rape Laws Against Sex1487 Words   |  6 Pages Finally, during the 13th century the criminal definition of rape changed, yet again due to society changing. This new law stated that â€Å"the rape of matrons, nuns, widows, concubines, and prostitutes, as well as the statutory rape of children† (Richards Marcum, 2015, p. 16) was now considered a criminal act. Taking a look at the United States, the rape law here consisted of five elements that must be met before it was considered rape in a court of law. â€Å"The act had to be criminal, involve carnal

Poverty and Education Free Essays

OMAR BANDEH # 2122369 ENG 102 PROFESSOR LAWSON Topic Outline Thesis: Education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society. I. Empower an individual to be a model citizen A. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Educate him about his Rights B. Develop his self esteem II. Poverty alleviation A. Wide range of job opportunities B. Living standards increased C. Reduction in crime rate III. Eradicate Disease A. How to avoid it B. How to treat it C. How to live with it THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN A SOCIETY Every nation especially third world countries should invest a substantial amount of their budget on education for it is the most invaluable asset that could transform an entire society. It was said by Aristotle that educated men are as much superior to the uneducated as the living are to the dead† if that is so then an uneducated society is as good as a dead society. After all education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society, it is the only weapon that can empower an individual in particular and a whole society in general, alleviate poverty and eradicate disease. The foremost aim of education is to empower an individual to be a model citizen and for that to happen he must know his rights and responsibilities. Without education, man is a splendid slave knowing not the difference between good and bad or his rights such as his freedom of speech, worship and movement, for only the educated are free. Free to make decisions, to face life, and to accept successes and failures. More over education is the only tool that can develop one’s personality, his self esteem and confidence for it is a combination of these that gives a person the ability to stand up against tyranny and oppression of any form. In a complex modern democracy, citizens must be educated for them to be able to participate in a nation’s democratic and developmental process. For example if Nelson Mandela was not educated he would not have been able to challenge the apartheid government thereby helping to bring it, to its end and in the process making the whole of South Africa free and colour blind. Secondly, the role of education in poverty eradication is crucial. There is overwhelming evidence that education is the one tool that children from poor families can use to break the cycle of poverty in which they are born in. A poor farmer’s son has the same opportunities to that of a president’s son if he is educated, for education provides the knowledge and skill with which an individual can use to get a job and earned a living on his own. It is only with an affordable education that a society’s poverty can be reduced and its living standards increased. And because poverty is a multidimensional social problem once it is taken care of, high crime and prostitution rates will dramatically reduced. Finally, disease, the one thing that can decimate an entire society especially an uneducated one. For education provides knowledge about diseases, how to treat them and most importantly how to avoid them. For example diseases such as HIV/AIDS have blighted entire societies in places like Uganda and South Africa before people knew what it is and how it can be avoided. Now, after much sensitization the rates of HIV/AIDS infection have reduced dramatically and those already infected have been adequately educated on how to live with the disease in such a way that life expectancy of an Aids patient have increased compare to before. In addition, the availability of education in a society informs them the use of being hygienic and how to maintain high hygienic standards such as washing one’s hand after using the toilet and also before eating which has help to reduce the prevalence of diseases such as cholera and diarhoea. Therefore, to conclude, the impact of investing in education is profound for it is the only tool that can positively change a society by empowering it, lifting it out of poverty and most important of all enabling its people to live longer healthily. How to cite Poverty and Education, Papers

The Salt Eaters free essay sample

Rosalyn Tomlin English 316-040 Professor B. Greene Final Essay 5/16/13 Finding Self-Love by Healing and Remembering Your Inner Self In my reading of Toni Cade Bambara’s novel The Salt Eaters, I found myself at first disconnected and missing the real meaning behind the text. After reading it and putting it down and then picking it back up. The novel contains many variations of characters and different storylines that soon intertwine into each other. Woman’s quest in search for identity and freedom but not forget the importance of the black community values. In the novel, I found several important themes throughout the novel but my main focus will be on the healing power its focus on the community and female aspects finding self-love. In comparison to Bambaras work, Toni Morrison’s Beloved uses the act of remembering to deal with the past. The story gives brief understanding of the supernatural world. Beloved is the ghost of Sethe’s daughter who has came in the significant time of her life to bring Sethe to peace with her past. In both novels, the determination of finding inner peace become very hard to find, where rememory and salt are used as symbols to help both protagonist come to a close. But we have to ask ourselves would we be able to overcome our past by always remembering it? The novel opens in clinic room where Velma Henry, the activist in the community attempted suicide. Along with Velma a spiritual healer by the name Minnie Ransom companies her and works on Velma. Velma attempted suicide because of her inability to deal with the conflicting demands of the black community. Her continuous interaction of groups of women committed to womens liberation, black capitalism, voodoo, and astrology, intimidate her sense of self because she believes in succeeding selfhood through work in the community, and each group insists on her faithfulness to segregation of the others. This also falls under with her growing with unhappiness with her marriage to Obie. Her dissatisfaction with life proves the compound for the other characters to mirror upon their own lives. Velma shows her merging needs by closing off herself from the dangerous realms of personal relationships. If we look at the definition of â€Å"the self† we think of a person or thing referred to with respect to complete individuality. The self is viewed as a carefully bounded physical space, a country with borders that can be opened and closed at will. The irony of this shows that the more she closes herself off it increases the fear of interference. While she protects the self from closure, she simultaneously stops the possibility of relief and healing. Minnie doubts that Velma wants to recover: â€Å"Are you sure, sweetheart? I’m just asking is all†, Minnie Ransom was saying, playfully pulling at her lower lip till three different shades of purple showed. â€Å"Take away the miseries and you take away some folks’ reason for lining. Their conversation piece anyway† (15). Velma has constructed her innermost identity by toughening herself against vulnerability and suffering; her suicide attempt shows her crucial sign at self-protection. To keep that in mind, Velma needs to keepo alive the pains and disorders that jusify it. In other words Velma finds security in maintaining a constant state of antagonism, that helps generate and completing a cycle, by withdrawals from love and happiness. Minnie attempts to break this self destructive, self oppressive pattern through the use of all her folk arts. She expresses Her view of Velma and the world through a conversation with old wife: Dancing in mud with cowries. Mmm. Twisting and grunting for the reward-applause of a bloody head on a tray. Lord, have mercy. What is wrong with the women? If they ain’t sticking their head in ovens and opening up their veins like this gal, or jumping off roofs, drinking charcoal lighter, pumping rat poisons in their arms and ramming cars into walls, they looking for some man to tear his head off. What is wrong, Old Wife? What is happening to the daughters of the yam? Seem like they just don’t know how to draw up the powers from the deep like before. Not full sunned and sweat and more. Tell me, how do I welcome this daughter home to the world†¦? (43-44). The women have ignored the ancient beliefs in spirits and healing and instead pursue power though ideological groups. The problem lies not in the value of such groups, but in their separation from the black folk roots of the ideas. Velma’s healing follows the pattern of the troupe, but because that pattern demands concreteness, that she must inquire into her own personal and cultural past, with Minnie Ransom, to find an identity deeper than any of those meet the expense of her different beliefs: Day of Restoration, Velma muttered, feeling the warm breath of mine Ransom on her, lending her something to work the bellows of her lungs with. To keep on dancing like the sassy singer said. Dancing on toward the busy streets alive with winti, coyote and cunnie rabbit and turtle and caribou as if heading for the Ark in the new tidal wave, racing in the direction of resurrection as should be and she had a choice running in the streets naming things cunnie rabbit called impala called little deer called trickster called brother called change naming things amidst the rush and dash of tires, feet damp dressing swishing by the Sprits of Blessing way outrunning disaster, outrunning jinns, shetnoi, soubaka, succubi, innocuii, incubi, nefarii, the demons midwifed, suckled and fathered by the one in ten Mama warned about who come to earth for the express purpose of making trouble for the other nine. (263-264). Her vision begins in the view of the urban black with blues singers and busy streets, then moves to a natural world where life signifies some greater truth. From there she enters a spiritual space that is very alive with those who bless and those who haunt. but this space is itself a part of the concrete reality of the streets. Velma wants to live in a world that is free of constant running, shape shifting, and renaming. The whole idea of a self must be reconceived and the safety of an everlasting identity sacrificed. The world of joint harmony is also the world of demons and succubi, who seduce with their attractive but life rejecting forms. Velma must give up the safety of the various ideologies to follow the path of the â€Å"crazy woman†. She is aware if this change: Velma would remember it as the moment she started back toward life, the moment when the healer’s hand had touched some vital spot and she was still trying to resist, still trying to think what good did wild do you, since there was always some low-life gruesome gang bang raping lawless pesty last straw nasty thing ready to ponce, put your total shit under arrest and crack your back but couldn’t. And years hence she would laugh remembering when she’d thought that was an ordeal. She didn’t know the half of it. Of what awaited her years to come. (278). This quotation shows flexibility of time characteristic in the magic of the voodoo woman, signifies success of Velma’s healing, but it also demonstrates that recuperation makes it possible greater, not reduced struggle. She made whole by her willingness to open herself to the world and identify the self with the world that results in no resolution. Bambara touches base with the understanding between the female self and her community. The self can only reach its fullness through it embrace of the world; withdrawal from the world with its self-realization and self-destructive ways. The author shows us the understanding of selfhood, and the extension of the self into the world makes it vulnerable to the dangers. She also shows us the female self as being a model for the community, which often disintegrates in its efforts to define itself as one thing. This novel shapes a new definition of identity and cultural relevance and traditions of black women in the sense of community and of self. The characters in this novel are both individuals and a part of a community which takes the idea of community very seriously. The characters are depicted as standing at a moment of decision where there may be a change in the community environment, and they have no way of foreseeing how this will develop. To re-establish a balance and gain a firm grounding before any such change, they need to reaffirm community and link themselves to something outside themselves. This means, in the folklore people need to sit down together and eat salt. Sophie Heywood says clearly, you never really know a person until youve eaten salt together (Bambara 147). Eating salt brings the people together, and it does so at the same time that it helps keep the bodys chemistry in harmony. So long as individual eats just the right amount of salt, the body will maintain its equilibrium, which is why Ahiro advises Obie that crying is also therapeutic: the body needs to throw off its excess salt for balance (Bambara 164). Salt is a cure-all which can also be a poison. It is also suggested that salt can be an antidote for snakebite (Bambara 257 58), and since this is a region where there are many snakes and even snake-handlers, this may be one of the reasons why salt was adopted as a communal element for the townspeople. Salt is a symbol of healing, purification, and of danger. In this story, and countless others well known to the masses, salt is used to heal bites and wounds. In everyday life it is used to purify meats and keep them editable for longer periods of time. Salt also has its unhealthy or undesirable results from its use. Too much salt in food will give both a bitter taste and cause health issues. Many people suffer from hypertension as a direct result of too much salt intake. Salt, along with the rest of the symbols is used to bring a deeper meaning and understanding to the story. In comparison to the novel Beloved shows a great deal of the similar want to be connected with your inner self and self healing. I use beloved as my example because she is in constant reminder of her past which she uses to help her self heal. To survive, one must depend on the acceptance and integration of what is past and what is present. In Beloved, Toni Morrison carefully constructs events that parallel the way the human mind functions; this serves as a means by which the reader can understand the activity of memory. Rememory enables Sethe, the novels protagonist, to reconstruct her past realities. The vividness that Sethe brings to every moment through recurring images characterizes her understanding of herself. Through rememory, Morrison is able to carry Sethe on a journey from being a oman who identifies herself only with motherhood, to a woman who begins to identify herself as a human being. Memories are works of fiction, selective representations of experiences actual or imagined. These internal resonances are so profound that even if one is eventually freed from external bondage, the self will still b e trapped in an inner world that prevents a genuine experience of freedom. As Sethe succinctly puts it, Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another (95). The novel wrestles with this central problem of recognizing and claiming ones own subjectivity, and it shows how this cannot be achieved independently of the social environment. Morrisons characters, African-Americans in a racist, slave society, there is no reliable other to recognize and affirm their existence. The mother, the childs first vital other, is made unreliable or unavailable by a slave system which either separates her from her child or so enervates and depletes her that she has no self with which to confer recognition. The consequences on the inner life of the child the emotional hunger, the obsessive and terrifying narcissistic fantasies- constitute the underlying psychological drama of the novel. 124 was spiteful. Full of a babys venom. The opening lines of the novel establish its psychic source: infantile rage. A wounded, enraged baby is the central figure of the book, both literally, in the character of Beloved, and symbolically, as it struggles beneath the surface of the other major characters. Even the elderly grandmother is significantly named Baby, and the ferocity of a babys frustrated needs colors the novels overt mother-child relationships as well as the love relationship between Sethe and Paul D and that between Beloved and her sister Denver. A babys frustrated needs refers here not to physical needs but to psychic and emotional ones. The worst atrocity of slavery, the real horror the novel exposes, is not physical death but psychic death. The pivotal event, or crisis, of the novel is Sethes murder of her baby daughter Beloved. The reader is allowed to feel, however, the paradoxical nature of the murder. Sethe, having run away from the sadistic slave-master Schoolteacher, is on the verge of being recaptured. Her humanity has been so violated by this man, and by her entire experience as a slave woman, that she kills her daughter to save her from a similar fate; if I hadnt killed her she would have died and that is something I could not bear to happen to her (200). Sethe kills her baby because, in Sethes mind, her children are the only good and pure part of who she is and must be protected from the cruelty and the dirtiness of slavery(Morrison 251). In this respect, her act is that of love for her children. The selfishness of Sethes act lies in her refusal to accept personal responsibility for her babys death. The infantile rage in the novel is a form of frustrated, murderous love. The baby ghost of Beloved wreaks havoc in Sethes home, prompting Denver to comment, For a baby she throws a powerful spell, to which Sethe replies, No more powerful than the way I loved her (4). The power of Beloveds rage is directly linked to the power of Sethes love. The intimacy of destructive rage and love is asserted in various ways throughout the book Sethes love for Beloved is indeed a murderous love. Within my studies of Literary theory, we have learned about the Psychoanalytical theory, where Sigmund Freud has uses different stages of a childs life that projects behavior of their later life. The infant self has an essential, primary need to be recognized and affirmed as a whole being, as an active agent of its own legitimate desires and impulses, and the fulfillment of this need is dependent on the human environment, on other selves. According to this theory, human beings are not innately sexual or aggressive; they are innately responsive and relational. Harry Guntrip explains, the need of a love-relationship is the fundamental thing in life, and the love-hunger and anger set up by frustration of this basic need must constitute the two primary problems of personality on the emotional level. Because the first physical mode of relationship to the mother is oral, the earliest emotional needs in relation to the mother are also figured in oral terms in the childs inner world. Frustration in this first oral stage of relationship leads to what object relations theorists call love made hungry, a terrifying greediness in which the baby fears it will devour and thus destroy mother and, conversely, that mother (due to projection) will devour and destroy the self (Guntrip). A preponderance of oral imagery characterizes Morrisons novel. Beloved, in her fantasies, repeatedly states that Sethe chews and swallows me (213), while the metaphor of Beloved chewing and swallowing Sethe is almost literal: Beloved ate up her life, took it, swelled up with it, grew taller on it (250). Denvers problems of identity and self-cohesion, too, are often imaged in oral terms: leaving the house means being prepared to be swallowed up in the world beyond the edge of the porch (243). When Denver temporarily loses sight of Beloved in the shed, she experiences a dissolution of self-she does not know where her body stops, which part of her is an arm, a foot or a knee- and feels she is being eaten alive by the dark(123). Beloved, in the second part of the novel, is said to have two dreams: exploding, and being swallowed (133). Everywhere in the novel, the fantasy of annihilation, is figured orally; the love hunger, the boundless greed, that so determines the life of the characters also threatens to destroy them. Sethe repeatedly asserts that the worst aspect of her rape was that the white boys took my milk! (17). She feels robbed of her essence, of her most precious substance, which is her maternal milk. We learn that as a child, Sethe was deprived of her own mothers milk: The little whitebabies got it first and I got what was left. Or none. There was no nursing milk to call my own (200). Sethe was not physically starved as a baby she did receive milk from another nursing slave woman but she was emotionally starved of a significant nurturing relationship, of which the nursing milk is symbolic. The craving for mutual recognition for simultaneously seeing the beloved other and being seen by her propels the central characters in the novel. Beloved says she has returned in order to see Sethes face, and she wants to be there in the place where her face is and to be looking at it too (210). When, as a child, Sethe is shown the brand burned into her mothers skin and is told that she will be able to know her by this mark, Sethe anxiously responds, But how will you know me? How will you know me? Mark me, too, . . . Mark the mark on me too (61). Love is a form of knowing and being known. The hunger is to be touched, recognized, known in ones inner being or essential self. Beloved demonstrates, finally, the interconnection of social and intrapsychic reality. The novel plays out the deep psychic reverberations of living in a culture in which domination and objectification of the self have been institutionalized. If from the earliest years on, ones fundamental need to be recognized and affirmed as a human subject is denied, that need can take on fantastic and destructive proportions in the inner world: the intense hunger, the fantasized fear of either being swallowed or exploding, can tyrannize ones life even when one is freed from the external bonds of oppression. The self cannot experience freedom without first experiencing its own agency or, in Sethes words, claiming ownership of itself. The free, autonomous self, Beloved teaches, is an inherently social self, rooted in relationship and dependent at its core on the vital bond of mutual recognition. In both novels, the struggle of finding your inner self and healing comes into play. In both novels, the determination of finding inner peace become very hard to find, where rememory and salt are used as symbols to help both protagonist come to a close. While both main character go through similar but different situation the main focus is clear, their search for inner self, identity. The salt present the need to clean out the system but it also could represent the obstacles we face. As we know salt burns the wound we hold. Memories run through our minds each and every day, but to continue letting it become a bothersome to us will continuously hold us back and affect us in the near future. we have to learn to let go and move on for a better life. Work Cited Bambara, Toni Cade. The Salt Eaters, Random House, 1980. Guntrip, Harry. Schizoid Phenomena, Object Relations, and the Self. New York: International Universities P, 1969 Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: New American Library, 1987